CAST and CONVERT (Transact-SQL). 22 minutes to read.In this articleAPPLIES TO: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Data Warehouse Parallel Data WarehouseThese functions convert an expression of one data type to another.Example: Change the input datatypeCast SELECT 9.5 AS Original,CAST(9.5 AS INT) AS int,CAST(9.5 AS DECIMAL(6, 4)) AS decimal;Convert SELECT 9.5 AS Original,CONVERT(INT, 9.5) AS int,CONVERT(DECIMAL(6, 4), 9.5) AS decimal;Here is the result set.
Originalintdecimal9.599.5000See the later in this topic.Syntax - CAST Syntax:CAST ( expression AS datatype ( length ) )- CONVERT Syntax:CONVERT ( datatype ( length ) , expression , style )ArgumentsexpressionAny valid.datatypeThe target data type. This includes xml, bigint, and sqlvariant. Alias data types cannot be used.lengthAn optional integer that specifies the length of the target data type.
The default value is 30.styleAn integer expression that specifies how the CONVERT function will translate expression. For a style value of NULL, NULL is returned. Datatype determines the range. Return typesReturns expression, translated to datatype. Date and Time StylesFor a date or time data type expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0. Beginning with SQL Server 2012 (11.x), the only styles supported, when converting from date and time types to datetimeoffset, are 0 or 1.
All other conversion styles return error 9809. NoteSQL Server supports the date format, in Arabic style, with the Kuwaiti algorithm. ImportantBy default, SQL Server interprets two-digit years based on a cutoff year of 2049. That means that SQL Server interprets the two-digit year 49 as 2049 and the two-digit year 50 as 1950.
Many client applications, including those based on Automation objects, use a cutoff year of 2030. SQL Server provides the two digit year cutoff configuration option to change the cutoff year used by SQL Server. This allows for the consistent treatment of dates. We recommend specifying four-digit years.6 Only supported when casting from character data to datetime or smalldatetime. When casting character data representing only date or only time components to the datetime or smalldatetime data types, the unspecified time component is set to 00:00:00.000, and the unspecified date component is set to 1900-01-01.7Use the optional time zone indicator Z to make it easier to map XML datetime values that have time zone information to SQL Server datetime values that have no time zone. Z indicates time zone UTC-0. The HH:MM offset, in the + or - direction, indicates other time zones.
Sql To Caml Query Converter Lite Full
For example: 2006-12-12T23:45:12-08:00.When converting smalldatetime to character data, the styles that include seconds or milliseconds show zeros in these positions. When converting from datetime or smalldatetime values, use an appropriate char or varchar data type length to truncate unwanted date parts.When converting character data to datetimeoffset, using a style that includes a time, a time zone offset is appended to the result.
Float and real stylesFor a float or real expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0. ValueOutput0 (default)A maximum of 6 digits. Use in scientific notation, when appropriate.1Always 8 digits. Always use in scientific notation.2Always 16 digits. Always use in scientific notation.3Always 17 digits.
Use for lossless conversion. With this style, every distinct float or real value is guaranteed to convert to a distinct character string.Applies to: Azure SQL Database, and starting in SQL Server 2016 (13.x).126, 128, 129Included for legacy reasons; a future release could deprecate these values.money and smallmoney stylesFor a money or smallmoney expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0. ValueOutput0 (default)No commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and two digits to the right of the decimal pointExample: 4235.98.1Commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and two digits to the right of the decimal pointExample: 3,510.92.2No commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and four digits to the right of the decimal pointExample: 4235.9819.126Equivalent to style 2, when converting to char(n) or varchar(n)xml stylesFor an xml expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0. ValueOutput0 (default)Use default parsing behavior that discards insignificant white space, and does not allow for an internal DTD subset.Note: When converting to the xml data type, SQL Server insignificant white space is handled differently than in XML 1.0. For more information, see.1Preserve insignificant white space.
This style setting sets the default xml:space handling to match the behavior of xml:space='preserve'.2Enable limited internal DTD subset processing.If enabled, the server can use the following information that is provided in an internal DTD subset, to perform nonvalidating parse operations.- Defaults for attributes are applied- Internal entity references are resolved and expanded- The DTD content model is checked for syntactical correctnessThe parser ignores external DTD subsets. Also, it does not evaluate the XML declaration to see whether the standalone attribute has a yes or no value. Instead, it parses the XML instance as a stand-alone document.3Preserve insignificant white space, and enable limited internal DTD subset processing.Binary stylesFor a binary(n), char(n), varbinary(n), or varchar(n) expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Style values not listed in the table will return an error. ValueOutput0 (default)Translates ASCII characters to binary bytes, or binary bytes to ASCII characters. Each character or byte is converted 1:1.For a binary datatype, the characters 0x are added to the left of the result.1, 2For a binary datatype, the expression must be a character expression. The expression must have an even number of hexadecimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, a, b, c, d, e, f).
If the style is set to 1, the must have 0x as the first two characters. If the expression contains an odd number of characters, or if any of the characters is invalid, an error is raised.If the length of the converted expression exceeds the length of the datatype, the result is right truncated.Fixed length datatypes larger than the converted result have zeros added to the right of the result.A datatype of type character requires a binary expression.
Each binary character is converted into two hexadecimal characters. If the length of the converted expression exceeds the length of the datatype, it will be right truncated.For a fixed size character type datatype, if the length of the converted result is less than its length of the datatype, spaces are added to the right of the converted expression, to maintain an even number of hexadecimal digits.The characters 0x will be added to the left of the converted result for style 1.Implicit conversionsImplicit conversions do not require specification of either the CAST function or the CONVERT function. Explicit conversions require specification of the CAST function or the CONVERT function. The following illustration shows all explicit and implicit data type conversions allowed for SQL Server system-supplied data types. These include bigint, and sqlvariant, and xml.
There is no implicit conversion on assignment from the sqlvariant data type, but there is implicit conversion to sqlvariant. NoteBecause Unicode data always uses an even number of bytes, use caution when you convert binary or varbinary to or from Unicode supported data types. For example, the following conversion does not return a hexadecimal value of 41.
It returns a hexadecimal value of 4100: SELECT CAST(CAST(0x41 AS nvarchar) AS varbinary). Large-value data typesLarge-value data types have the same implicit and explicit conversion behavior as their smaller counterparts - specifically, the nvarchar, varbinary, and varchar data types. NoteDo not construct binary values, and then convert them to a data type of the numeric data type category. SQL Server does not guarantee that the result of a decimal or numeric data type conversion, to binary, will be the same between versions of SQL Server.The following example shows a resulting expression that is too small to display. USE AdventureWorks2012;GOSELECT p.FirstName, p.LastName, SUBSTRING(p.Title, 1, 25) AS Title,CAST(e.SickLeaveHours AS char(1)) AS Sick LeaveFROM HumanResources.Employee e JOIN Person.Person pON e.BusinessEntityID = p.BusinessEntityIDWHERE NOT e.BusinessEntityID 5;Here is the result set. FirstName LastName Title Sick Leave-`Ken Sanchez NULL.Terri Duffy NULL.Roberto Tamburello NULL.Rob Walters NULL.Gail Erickson Ms.(5 row(s) affected)When you convert data types that differ in decimal places, SQL Server will sometimes return a truncated result value, and at other times it will return a rounded value.
This table shows the behavior. FromToBehaviornumericnumericRoundnumericintTruncatenumericmoneyRoundmoneyintRoundmoneynumericRoundfloatintTruncatefloatnumericRoundConversion of float values that use scientific notation to decimal or numeric is restricted to values of precision 17 digits only. Any value with precision higher than 17 rounds to zero.floatdatetimeRounddatetimeintRoundFor example, the values 10.6496 and -10.6496 may be truncated or rounded during conversion to int or numeric types: SELECT CAST(10.6496 AS int) as trunc1,CAST(-10.6496 AS int) as trunc2,CAST(10.6496 AS numeric) as round1,CAST(-10.6496 AS numeric) as round2;Results of the query are shown in the following table: trunc1trunc2round1round210-1011-11When converting data types where the target data type has fewer decimal places than the source data type, the value is rounded. For example, this conversion returns $10.3497:SELECT CAST( AS money);SQL Server returns an error message when converting nonnumeric char, nchar, nvarchar, or varchar data to decimal, float, int, numeric.
SQL Server also returns an error when an empty string (' ') is converted to numeric or decimal. Certain datetime conversions are nondeterministicThe following table lists the styles for which the string-to-datetime conversion is nondeterministic.All styles below 1 With the exception of styles 20 and 21For more information, see. Supplementary characters (surrogate pairs)Starting with SQL Server 2012 (11.x), when using supplementary character (SC) collations, a CAST operation from nchar or nvarchar to an nchar or nvarchar type of smaller length will not truncate inside a surrogate pair. Instead, the operation truncates before the supplementary character. For example, the following code fragment leaves @x holding just 'ab'. There is not enough space to hold the supplementary character.
DECLARE @x NVARCHAR(10) = 'ab' + NCHAR(0x10000);SELECT CAST (@x AS NVARCHAR(3));When using SC collations, the behavior of CONVERT, is analogous to that of CAST. Compatibility supportIn earlier versions of SQL Server, the default style for CAST and CONVERT operations on time and datetime2 data types is 121, except when either type is used in a computed column expression.
For computed columns, the default style is 0. This behavior impacts computed columns when they are created, used in queries involving auto-parameterization, or used in constraint definitions.Under compatibility level 110 and higher, the CAST and CONVERT operations on the time and datetime2 datatypes always have 121 as the default style. If a query relies on the old behavior, use a compatibility level less than 110, or explicitly specify the 0 style in the affected query.Upgrading the database to compatibility level 110 and higher will not change user data that has been stored to disk. You must manually correct this data as appropriate. For example, if you used SELECT INTO to create a table from a source containing a computed column expression described above, the data (using style 0) would be stored rather than the computed column definition itself.
You must manually update this data to match style 121. Using both CAST and CONVERTThese examples retrieve the name of the product, for those products that have a 3 as the first digit of list price, and converts their ListPrice values to int. Use CASTUSE AdventureWorks2012;GOSELECT SUBSTRING(Name, 1, 30) AS ProductName, ListPriceFROM Production.ProductWHERE CAST(ListPrice AS int) LIKE '3%';GO- Use CONVERT.USE AdventureWorks2012;GOSELECT SUBSTRING(Name, 1, 30) AS ProductName, ListPriceFROM Production.ProductWHERE CONVERT(int, ListPrice) LIKE '3%';GOB.
Using CAST with arithmetic operatorsThis example calculates a single column computation ( Computed) by dividing the total year-to-date sales ( SalesYTD) by the commission percentage ( CommissionPCT). This value is rounded to the nearest whole number and is then CAST to an int data type. USE AdventureWorks2012;GOSELECT CAST(ROUND(SalesYTD/CommissionPCT, 0) AS int) AS ComputedFROM Sales.SalesPersonWHERE CommissionPCT!= 0;GOHere is the result set. Computed-7688107(14 row(s) affected)C. Using CAST to concatenateThis example concatenates noncharacter expressions by using CAST. It uses the AdventureWorksDW database. SELECT 'The list price is ' + CAST(ListPrice AS varchar(12)) AS ListPriceFROM dbo.DimProductWHERE ListPrice BETWEEN 350.00 AND 400.00;Here is the result set.
ListPrice-The list price is 357.06The list price is 364.09The list price is 364.09The list price is 364.09The list price is 364.09D. Using CAST to produce more readable textThis example uses CAST in the SELECT list, to convert the Name column to a char(10) column. It uses the AdventureWorksDW database.
SELECT DISTINCT CAST(EnglishProductName AS char(10)) AS Name, ListPriceFROM dbo.DimProductWHERE EnglishProductName LIKE 'Long-Sleeve Logo Jersey, M';Here is the result set. Name ListPrice- -Long-Sleev 31.2437Long-Sleev 32.4935Long-Sleev 49.99E. Using CAST with the LIKE clauseThis example converts the money column SalesYTD values to data type int, and then to data type char(20), so that the LIKE clause can use it. USE AdventureWorks2012;GOSELECT p.FirstName, p.LastName, s.SalesYTD, s.BusinessEntityIDFROM Person.Person AS pJOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS sON p.BusinessEntityID = s.BusinessEntityIDWHERE CAST(CAST(s.SalesYTD AS int) AS char(20)) LIKE '2%';GOHere is the result set. FirstName LastName SalesYTD BusinessEntityID-Tsvi Reiter 28 279Syed Abbas 2 288Rachel Valdez 22 289(3 row(s) affected)F.
There’s lots of CAML blogs out there lots of tutorials lots of references So, why add to the noise?? Well two good reasons:. I need to blog about something. My session at SPTechCon was on SharePoint Web Services which rely heavily on CAML in SharePoint 2007 (less so in 2010 thanks to LINQ to SharePoint, but that’s another blog).So, it’s really important that you understand CAML or at least have a reference you can go to quickly. So Pay Attention!!! What Exactly Is CAML?If you go to the site: “Collaborative Application Markup Language (CAML) is an XML-based language that is used in Windows SharePoint Services to define the fields and views used sites and lists. CAML is also used to define tables in the Windows SharePoint Services database during site provisioning.”So, CAML is a special XML based query language used to well query data from SharePoint.I describe it as a combination of XML, SQL, and WTF At first glance it appears to be overly complicated and cumbersome.
After spending time with it however you can get a sense for why it is structured the way it is.and don’t tell anyone I said this but it actually makes sense!So CAML is just a Query language If you are using the SP Object Model you can use the. If you are using SharePoint Web Services outside of SharePoint you will just create a string to pass to your Web Service call. Regardless CAML is your friend love it like a woman that you can’t understand and frustrates you just accept her and love her because like SharePoint, CAML is a woman.:) Is It That Cumbersome? Let Me See Some Examples??Wow, kind of pushy aren’t you? Okay so here are some CAML examplesFor the most part you can take a “Where” clause from SQL and convert it to CAML: OperationSQL ExampleConverted to CAMLEqualsWHERE City = “Harrison'HarrisonNot EqualsWHERE City 'Harrison'HarrisonNot NullWHERE City nullAndWHERE City = “Harrison” and State = “AR”HarrisonAROrWHERE City = “Harrison” or City = “Harrisburg”HarrisonHarrisburgLikeWHERE City LIKE “Harris”Harris(OR)AndWHERE (City='Harrison' OR City='Harrisburg') AND State'PA'HarrisonHarrisburgPAOrder ByWHERE City='Harrison' or City='Harrisburg' ORDERBY CityHarrisonHarrisburgYou get the idea. It’s not really THAT complicated, but if you are not comfortable with XML you will be MISERABLE!
Are There Any Other Operators?I’m SO glad you asked why yes. There are more operators! I obtained the following list from an article on A2Z.net called “”. This is actually a really great article and you should probably go read it after you are done here.CAML OperatorMeaningEq=GtLt=LeqContainsLikeIsNullNullIsNotNullNotNullBeginsWithText begins withOrderBySort order for a query.GroupByContains a Group By section for grouping the data returned through a query in a list viewThere Has Got To Be A Better Way To Generate The CAML For Me!Wow whine much? Yes, there are several tools out there that will generate CAML for you.
Some you have to install on SharePoint and can actually work directly with a specific list. I’ve always been more of a do it yourselfer/notepad-works-for-everything type of guy. I found a great simple web site that will actually generate your CAML for you. So, you can type in “Where City=’Harrison’” and it will automatically generate the CAML for you. Pretty cool?Here’s the link with a couple of screen shots so you can see what I’m talking about:.
Online SQL to CAML query tool:1. Type in your “where” clause and click the “Sql to CAML” button2. Copy and paste the resulting CAML where ever you need it!Definitely a handy tool. I’ve used it many times.
Jackson guitar made in india serial number. The only flaw is that if there is an error in your Sql it will not tell you what the error was.Well. That’s it for my Intro To CAML Hope you learned something Thanks again for stopping and thanks to all those who came to my session at SPTechCon!Posted on Tuesday, February 16, 2010 12:29 PM.