The reign of Sri Krishna Devaraya, the most famous of the rulers of the Vijayanagara empire, is hailed as a golden era by historians. Inscriptions speak of him as a monarch in the fields of war and literature (sahitee samarangana sarvabhauma).Not only did he have eight court poets (ashta diggajas), he himself was a great poet, although doubts persist in certain quarters of the literary world about the authorship of the works attributed to him.
However, internal evidences are cited to establish his authorship in the case of ‘Amuktamalyada.' Story of AndalConsidered a masterpiece in Telugu literature, the epic poem, ‘Amuktamalyada' tells the well-known story of the daughter of Periazhvar, Goda Devi, who used to wear the garlands intended for Lord Ranganatha before they were offered to the deity, and hence the name ‘Amukta Malya Da' — one who wears and gives away garlands.Sri Krishna Devaraya is believed to have written and dedicated the poem to Lord Venkateswara as ordained by God in his dream. Aptly, he sings in praise of the Lord and His divine weapons and pays obeisance to the Azhvars, the poet-saints of Vaishnavism. The work also speaks in some detail about Vishnuchitta (Periazhvar) and the arguments he put forth in support of Visishtadvaita and against other schools of philosophy. For this reason, it has come to be known also as ‘Vishnuchitteeyamu.'
It narrates several episodes that are relevant in the context of the propagation of the Vaishnava theology, although not directly connected with the story. To cite a few examples: the story of Yamanucharya; the legend of Keshadhwaja and Khandikya; and the story of a demon in argument with an untouchable Dasari.Srinivas Sistla, the translator, has done a commendable job in presenting the difficult-to-comprehend epic poem in simple and lucid style and, at the same time, remaining faithful to the original. Sistla has studied in depth the two commentaries available in the publications of Vavilla (1869) and Vedam (1927), besides looking at related inscriptions, historical documents, and articles. Besides providing a translation of the poem in free verse, he has given a very useful and critical analysis in the introductory chapter. Care has been taken to give both the plain and the subtle meanings of the verses wherever warranted and, thoughtfully, an exhaustive bibliography is provided.
Sistla, with a profound sense of modesty, says: “While presenting near-faithful version of ‘Amuktamalyada' in English, somehow I feel as though the debt I owe to Sri Krishna Devaraya in general and to Hampi Vijayanagara in particular has not been cleared completely.” The book should help in appreciating the literary values of ‘Amuktamalyada', and the merits of Sri Krishna Devaraya as a poet.
Sri KrishnadevarayaKing ofReignJuly 26, 1509 - 1529TitlesKannada Rajya Rama Ramana, Mooru Rayaraganda, Andhra Bhoja.Hampi, KarnatakaDied1529PredecessorViranarasimha RayaSuccessorAchyuta Deva RayaConsortChinnambike, ThirumalambikeFatherNarasa NayakaMotherNagala DeviThe reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya (Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ, Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ) (r. 1509-1529 C.E.) stands out as the high point in the history of the Vijayanagar Empire. Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ), Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ) (meaning 'King of three kings'), and Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ). He consolidated and expanded the empire through astute use of his massive military, successfully campaigning against the kingdoms to his north.
Krishnadevaraya used diplomatic shrewdness with the recently arrived Portuguese on the west coast of India, deflecting any requests for an alliance to fight together against Portugal's foes while obtaining horses and technical knowledge, especially bringing water into Vijayanagaram City. Contents.Krishnadevaraya proved a talented general and diplomat as well as architect and city planner. He embraced, constructing the magnificent city of Vijayanagaram as a holy site for the worship of the Hindu gods as well as the administrative center of his vast empire. His kingdom possessed fabulous wealth, much of that going into an ambitious building program.
Much of the empire's wealth came from tributes paid by kingdoms he conquered, including, the Gijapati kings of Orissa, Raichur Doab, and the. Not all the wealth went into building temples, maintaining armies, and religious celebrations. He reserved much wealth for the promotion of scholarship. In that line, Krishnadevaraya may have left his greatest mark and attained his greatest fame. He ushered in the Golden Era of Telugu Literature, writing Amuktamalyada, a narrative poem describing the pangs of sorrow suffered by Godadevi when absent from her husband. Early lifeKrishnadevaraya had been born to parents Nagala Devi and Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control of the empire to prevent it from disintegration.
He built a beautiful suburb near Vijayanagara called Nagalapura in memory of his mother. The king's coronation took place on the birthday of Lord Krishna and his earliest inscription dates July 26, 1509 C.E.
The able prime minister Timmarusu, who with the coronation of Krishnadevaraya, assisted him in his administration. Krishnadevaraya revered Timmarusu as a father figure.
PersonalityAlong with inscriptions, writings of foreign travellers provide most of the information about his rule. The king, of medium height, had a cheerful disposition, respectful to foreign visitors, ruthless in maintaining the law and prone to fits of anger. He maintained himself at high level of physical fitness by daily physical exercise. From the travelogues it becomes apparent that the king had been an able administrator and an excellent army general.
He led from the front and even attended to the wounded. Military campaigns and foreign relationsKrishnadevaraya ruled during a successful era in Vijayanagar history, its armies wining every campaign. On occasion, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The first decade of his rule had been one of long sieges, bloody conquests and victories.
His main enemies had been the Gajapatis of Orissa, with whom he had been constant warfare since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya. The Bahamani Sultans, though divided into five small kingdoms, still posed a constant threat. The Portuguese rose as a maritime power and, hence, controlled much of the sea trade. The feudatory chiefs of Ummatur, Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri had time and again rebelled against the Vijayanagar rule. ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ / విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యముVijayanagara Empire1336 – 1646. Preceded bySucceeded byKakatiya dynastyPandya KingdomMysore KingdomKeladi NayakaNayaks of TanjoreNayaks of MaduraiNayakas of ChitradurgaSuccess in DeccanThe annual raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages came to an end during the Raya's rule.
In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with the Sultan of Bijapur at Diwani. The sultan Mahmud suffered severe injuries in defeat. Yusuf Adil Khan died in battle, while Krishnadevaraya annexed Kovilkonda. Taking advantage of the victory and disunity of the Bahamani Sultans, the Raya invaded Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur and earned the title 'establisher of the Yavana kingdom' when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de-facto ruler.
War with FeudatoriesRaya subdued local rulers, Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri, and seized lands up to the Krishna river. Gangaraja, the Ummatur chief, fought Krishnadevaraya on the banks of the Kaveri and lost. The chief later drowned in the Kaveri in 1512. The region became a part of the Srirangapatna province. In 1516-1517, he pushed beyond the Godavari river. War with KalingaRaya defeated the Gajapatis of Orissa, who occupied northern, in five campaigns.
The success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into to Telangana region controlled by Gajapati Prathaparudra. In 1513, the Vijayanagar army laid a year siege to Udayagiri fort, routing the Gajapati army. Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirumala Venkateswara Temple along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinna Devi. His kulaguru wrote many songs in praise of the king after that victory.Next, he met the Gajapati army at Kondavidu. After a siege of a few months, Krishnadevaraya, along with Saluva Timmarasa, inflicted another defeat on Prathaparudra.
Saluva Timmarasa took over as governor of Kondavidu thereafter. The Vijayanagar army then attacked the Gajapati army at Kondapalli, laying another siege. That campaign proved the final defeat for the Gajapathi king who offered his daughter, Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya. She became his third queen.Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the, who set up the Portuguese Dominion of India in in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. Recently excavated Vishnu temple,Krishnadevaraya patronized Tamil poet HaridasaSanskrit literature In Sanskrit, wrote Bhedojjivana, Tatparyachandrika, Nyayamrita (a work directed against Advaita philosophy), and Tarkatandava.
Krishnadevaraya, an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya, and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.Telugu literature Krishnadevarayalu’s ('Desa bhashalandu Telugu Lessa') reign marked the golden age of Telugu literature. Eight poets known as Astadiggajalu (eight elephants in the eight cardinal points) formed part of his court (known as Bhuvanavijayamu). According to the Vaishnavite religion, eight elephants stand in the eight corners of space, holding the earth in its place. Similarly, those eight poets constitute the eight pillars of his literary assembly.
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The membership of the Ashtadiggajas remains uncertain, although they may include the following: Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu, Pingali Surana, Ramarajabhushanudu, and Tenali Ramakrishnudu.Among those eight poets Allasani Peddana stood as the greatest, given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Manucharitramu stands as his most popular prabhanda work. Nandi Timmana wrote Parijataapaharanamu.
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Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu. Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu and Ayyalraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Ramaabhyudayamu. Pingali Surana wrote the still remarkable Raghavapandaveeyamu, a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the and the. Battumurty alias Ramarajabhushanudu wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitramu, and Harischandranalopakhyanamu.Among those works the last one embodies a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti. Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work and later wrote Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. The period of the empire has become known as “Prabandha Period,” because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during that time. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.Amuktamalyada.
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